By John Kinsella
Below is a poem by Elizabeth Deborah Brockman:
On Receiving From England a Bunch of
Dried Wild Flowers.
Pale Ghosts! of fragrant things that grew among
The woods and valleys of my native land,
Phantoms of flowers I played with long ago:
Here are the scented violets I sought
In their cool nooks of verdure, and the bells
That fringed the mountain crag with loveliest blue;
Here are the flushing clusters of the May,
The dainty primrose on its slender stem;
And the forget-me-not—all faint and pale
As those dim memories of home that haunt
The exile’s wistful heart in banishment.
I look around and see
A thousand gayer tints; the wilderness
Is bright with gorgeous rainbow colouring
Of flowers that have no dear familiar names.
I see them closing ere the dews of night
Have touched their waxen leaflets: close they fold
Their tender blossoms through the darkened hours,
And will not open, though the fractious winds
Should wrestle with their roots and strain their
stems.
They waken not until the softer airs,
Breathed from the rosy lips of early morn,
Come whispering, “lo! the lordly sun is nigh.”
But in my hand these frail memorials
Lie closely pressed; a slight electric link,
By which thought over-passes time and space,
To other hands that plucked them: other hands
That never more to any touch of mine
Shall thrill responsive. Blessed be those hands
With prosperous labours, fruitful through long years,
Of all life’s truest, tenderest charities.
‘E’.
(Western Australia, 15th September, 1868)
‘I look around and see’. There’s a wilful
effort in this, a forcing of the self beyond the casual formulaic, the poetic
gesture to keep the poem flowing. A narrative device, sure, but also an
acceptance of a different embodiment in place. That in the poem, and in the
poet, many stories of belonging and exclusion crisscross, and try to coalesce.
In the neatness of the poem, we might be led to believe that prosody’s ultimate
purpose is to package these contradictions. Certainly the poet wants to write
‘verse’, but it’s only to contain the rough edges and disruptions of writing in
a space that challenges and contradicts colonial manners, the imposition of the
‘civilised’ on day-to-day life. What makes this poem different is where and
when it was written. And why.
Just over thirty years after this poem was
written, we read ‘Willy Willy: The Boulder Bard’ in his ‘Ode to Westralia’,
noting of Western Australia (pre Federation):
Land of Forests, fleas and flies,
Blighted hopes and blighted eyes,
Art thou hell in earth’s disguise,
Westralia?
Art thou some volcanic blast
By volcanoes spurned, outcast?
Art unfinished — made the last
Westralia?
Wert thou once the chosen land
Where Adam broke God’s one command?
That He in wrath changed thee to sand,
Westralia!
Land of politicians silly,
Home of wind and willy-willy,
Land of blanket, tent and billy,
Westralia.
Home of brokers, bummers, clerks,
Nest of sharpers, mining sharks,
Dried up lakes and desert parks,
Westralia!
Land of humpies, brothels, inns,
Old bag huts and empty tins,
Land of blackest, grievous sins
Westralia.
The sense of Western Australia (massive as
it is), being the ‘end of the earth’, and in this something perversely to be
celebrated, was a dominant tone in verse written out of the colony.
In terms of the brutalities settlers committed
on the indigenous peoples of the region, most of the newspaper verse found in
early colonial papers is overtly racist, often hate-filled. Moral defence as
attack? But one did find a register of guilt even if it was rendered in the
‘noble savage’ sense with touches of ‘local colour’ (this is an American term,
not an Australian one regarding context and period, but the irony serves the
bereftness of the situation). The poet ‘Acaster’ in ‘O’er a Native’s Grave’
(1871), writes, contesting the given bigotries of the colonial press and
community:
Poor child of earth – The rising sun,
That tips the hills with mellow ray,
No more shal’t rouse thee from thy sleep,
Or cheer thee on thy lonely way.
No more with spear, and weapons rude,
Shal’t thou roam thro’ the woodland dell,
No more midst festive scenes shall sing
The wildsome songs you loved so well.
So, considering the poem I have chosen by
the early ‘settler’ poet of Western Australia, Elizabeth Deborah Brockman, we
might think of where it came from. It may not be as overtly original as much
other European poetry of the period, but it was extremely unusual to come out
of the ‘bush’ of Western Australia at the time. Written at Seabrook, the
property on which Brockman lived with her husband and children near the colony’s
earliest inland town of York, it encapsulates the sense of loss and
disconnection ‘settlers’ often felt in their ‘strange’ new place.
Brockman migrated with her parents to the
Swan River Colony from Edinburgh where she had been born in 1833. She was seven
years old. Living on a property known as Glen Avon (which I often pass,
travelling from Jam Tree Gully to the town of Northam), by the Avon River, she
led a bookish life and became one of the earliest and certainly most
accomplished settler poets, publishing as ‘E.’ in the local church magazine. I
have written a lot about Brockman, investigating colonial subtexts in her
writing (there is only a small book of poems published after her death in
1914), women’s right in the colony, religious obsession and security,
depression, and most importantly, I think, the fact that Brockman lived on land
that had been stolen from the Noongar people, the traditional owners and
custodians of country.
These subtexts are obscured in the poems,
but through reading letters, journal entries (by other parties), prose
commentaries in the Church of England magazine, and other snippets discovered
in historical archives, one gets the typical picture of both a predictable
exploitation of indigenous people and religious patronising. But I also argue
there is something more than a sense of superiority and possibly guilt eating
away at the edges of the sense of belonging and alienation in her poetry; that
in those local flowers that have ‘no dear familiar names’, there is an
acknowledgement that access is something that has to be granted, that it can’t
just be taken. The flowers from ‘home’, the Old Country, she receives in the
mail, sent by ship and taking six months to reach her, are the dried residue of
an old life, a life of her childhood, of a country that is no longer hers. They
act as symbols of the absent present, triggers of memory, signatures of her own
history (and that of her colonial family) and of those left behind in the Old
Country. They are dead but look (fragilely) alive, they are almost living
memorials, or maybe simulacra of themselves, and her ‘othered’ self. They are
signs of what she might have been. As Pierre Nora observes, ‘Memory is a perpetually actual phenomenon, a
bond tying us to the eternal present; history is a representation of the past.’
[Nora, Pierre 1989. Between Memory and
History: Les Lieux de Mémoire. –Representations 26: 7-25]
But the poet is also an alien in this stolen
land, and for all her effort to become one, to become the place she now lives
in, she can’t entirely. She is isolated by distance and by unbelonging. She is
permanently temporary, and when she loses family to death or returning to England
(or Scotland), the loss is doubled is spiritual and conceptual ways. The cost
of this to her is immense, and to those who have been dispossessed, and though
discovering this poem as a young person was an epiphany to me, especially
having spent so much of my life in the region out of which she wrote, it also
represents the crisis of writing poetry as a non-indigenous person in the place
I know as ‘home’. Brockman says:
I look around and see
A thousand gayer tints; the wilderness
Is bright with gorgeous rainbow colouring
This wilderness is her angst and her
security. In the alienation is her poetry, but also her desire for conformity.
She is both recognising her non-belonging and trying to counter it. Those
‘gayer tints’ include wildflowers and trees, from donkey orchids to the blossom
of York gums and wandoos, which I know so well.
Many years ago I wrote an essay on Brockman
that begins:
The case of
the Western Australian poet, Elizabeth Deborah Brockman, who wrote the bulk of
her poetry in the 1860s, is unique. A poet of depth, grace, subtlety and
controlled anger [now I’d see this as melancholy, and not a barely visible
‘anger’], her work carries a spiritual content akin to Emily Dickinson’s [now I
also see this differently — the struggle to be what one is not, determination
to subscribe to the manners of the Church and contingent social interactions, the
struggle with depression and frequent physical isolation in a more seemingly
hebephrenic way in the poems while rebelling against it; Brockman’s torments
are all below the surface of her poems], and a formal approach and
language-resonance that might remind the modern reader of Elizabeth Barrett
Browning. These tonal signifiers are fused with an appreciation of the local,
and a ‘transcendent’ sense of spatiality, linguistic and geographic hybridity,
and ‘nature’. Despite being isolated in bush rural areas in the years after the
founding of the Swan River Colony (1829), Brockman kept up with modern
literature through regular consignments of books from the “old country”. There is
no doubt she was familiar with the work of Barrett Browning (whose Poems were published
in 1844 and were fantastically popular)...
And as
background:
In the
colony, poetry — much of it doggerel, though with the occasional gem — featured
in the various newspapers that came with the ‘settlement’ of what is now known
as Western Australia. Papers such as the Swan
River Guardian (1836-1838), Inquirer (Perth,
1840-1901) Herald (Fremantle,
1867-1889), and Sun (Kalgoorlie, 1898-1929)
were vehicles for the development of a State and regional literary consciousness.
It wasn’t until 1873 that the first book of original verse by a Western Australian
poet was published, Henry Clay’s Two and Two.
It’s this
connection, in what is formulaic in her verse (the ‘dew’), and the oddness of
its circumstances of production, that interests me still. In the last stanza of
the poem, Brockman talks of the delicate dried flowers as being ‘frail
memorials’, an echo of the markers of death of the colonists in their often-isolated
graves, and the memory of markers in the Old Country. What is built is tenuous.
More: the markers of memorialising are not visible to the casual observer, as
they involve the deaths of those whose land is stolen, and the lost graves of
those who died in ‘exploring’ and colonising. No word in this poem can be read
within the conventions of English-language verse; every word, as ‘pat’ as it
seems, comes with a contextual kick. Those who are in the Old Country are as
the dead, as she is dead to them. The stolen land is haunted by misdeeds and
her loss of connection is a haunting, too. She doesn’t overtly say this, but
all colonial poetry, especially that written in such profound social and
cultural isolation, tends towards such complexity. The electric link is more Frankenstein than a polite shudder of a
genteel religious lady. Her religion is a buffer and buffers can dissolve so
easily. The last few lines of affirmation and well-wishing are reassurance, not
a polite homily.
When her family collected her work after her death,
the small book came with an interesting preface. I quote a couple of extracts
here:
Elizabeth
Deborah Brockman, the authoress of this small book of verse, has just reached
the close of her long and beautiful life. She passed away at her residence at
Cannington in her 82nd year. She was the eldest daughter of Lieutenant
Frederick William Slade, and was born in Edinburgh in 1833. When she was in her
seventh year, her parents hearing much of the new settlement in Western
Australia, caught the spirit of adventure and decided to join the small band of
colonists there, and to find a new home for their young children in the land of
the Southern Cross.
and:
It was
during these years that she wrote her poems. Some time in the early sixties,
she met and formed here a great friendship with the late Archdeacon Brown and
his wife. The latter was a daughter of the Rev. A. Mitchell, and the former was
at that time Rector of the Parish of York, and editor of the Church Magazine.
It was in accordance with his wish, and under his encouragement, that she
allowed her verses to be published in his magazine under the nom de plume of
“E.” Some years later, an uncle of hers in Edinburgh, perchancing to see the
Church Magazine, was much struck with the beauty of the poems, and, collecting
them, re-published them in pamphlet form for family circulation.
Mrs.
Brockman was of a cheerful and buoyant disposition, but at this time of her
life, grief for the loss of her much loved relations, and the many trials and
difficulties insuperable from the rearing of a young family — in those days of
early colonial settlement — had for a time greatly injured her health, which
for some years was very precarious. Her poems were the children of heartache
and solitude, and a deep note of sorrow runs through most of them, but her
strong religious convictions and the firm faith in God which upheld her through
all the trials of her life, is the key note of every one.
This might not be one of the greatest poems
in the language, and it does fit a template of similar poems written out of the
colonies with a longing for the absent family and the markers of the Old World,
but it is different because of where it comes from and when it was written in
that place. Context is everything, sure, but it’s even more than everything
here. It’s a counter to the rules she lived by, the patterns of behaviour she
chose to observe and uphold. No glittering poet’s-fame for her: just a
connection with her own alienation reconfigured into an expression of the loss
she certainly felt but also helped create.
In some ways, this is a tragic poem of
chronic depression, the crisis of the colonial subject and the subjectivity of
being a ‘poetess’, and of searching for consolation where no consolation was or
could be morally available. It is a poem, to my mind, of what I’d call
temporariness and schism in belonging. What is ‘lost’ is permanently lost. Old
memorials are the false memorials over the killing fields of the colonised
land.
